list all the types of karmas

In Jain philosophy, "sangayan" (संयमन) refers to restraint or discipline, and it is classified in several ways depending on the context. According to the **Bhagavati Sutra**, human beings are of three kinds based on their discipline: **samyat** (disciplined), **samyatasamyat** (disciplined-cum-indisciplined), and **asamyat** (indisciplined). The disciplined (samyat) are further divided into **saragasamyat** (disciplined with attachment) and **vitaragasamyat** (disciplined and detached). The vitaragasamyat are devoid of action, while the saragasamyat are of two kinds: **pramattasamyat** (accomplished but negligent) and **apramattasamyat** (accomplished and alert). The apramattasamyat have one activity (maayapratyayaa), the pramattasamyat have two (arambhiki and maayapratyayaa), the samyatasamyat have three (arambhiki, paarigrahiki, and maayapratyayaa), and the asamyat have four activities [1]. Additionally, the **Sthananga Sutra** describes **vitarag samyam** (discipline with detachment) as having two types: **upashant-kashaya** (with pacified passions) and **ksheen-kashaya** (with extinct passions). Each of these has further subdivisions based on the stage of spiritual progress, such as pratham Samaya (first moment) and apratham Samaya (subsequent moments), and chhadmasth (pre-omniscience) and Kevali (omniscience) levels [2]. The **Samvayang Sutra** also lists **seventeen types of samyam** (restraint), including restraint regarding earth-bodied beings, water-bodied beings, fire-bodied beings, air-bodied beings, plant-bodied beings, two-sensed beings, three-sensed beings, four-sensed beings, five-sensed beings, non-living beings, preksha (careful examination), upeksha (indifference), apahritya (removing beings), pramarjana (cleaning), mind, speech, and body [5].

The 24 Tirthankars of the current time cycle (Avasarpini) are: 1. Rushabhadev (Ädinäth) — symbol: Bull 2. Ajitnäth — Elephant 3. Sambhavnäth — Horse 4. Abhinandan-swämi — Monkey 5. Sumatinäth — Curlew/Red Goose 6. Padmaprabha — Red Lotus 7. Supärshvanäth — Swastika 8. Chandraprabha — Crescent Moon 9. Suvidhinäth (Pushpadanta) — Crocodile 10. Shitalnäth — Shrivatsa/Wishing Tree 11. Shreyänsnäth — Rhinoceros 12. Väsupujya-swämi — Buffalo 13. Vimalnäth — Boar 14. Anantnäth — Bear/Hawk 15. Dharmnäth — Thunderbolt 16. Shäntinäth — Deer 17. Kunthunäth — Goat 18. Aranäth — Nandavarta/Fish 19. Mallinäth — Water Pot 20. Munisuvrat-swämi — Tortoise 21. Naminäth — Blue Lotus 22. Neminäth — Conch Shell 23. Pärshvanäth — Snake 24. Mahävirswämi (Vardhamän) — Lion The first Tirthankar, Rushabhadev, is also known as Ädinäth, and the last is Mahävirswämi. Most Tirthankars attained nirvana at Samet Shikhar, except Rushabhadev (Ashtapad/Kailasha), Väsupujya (Champäpuri), Neminäth (Girnar), and Mahävir (Päväpuri) [1][2].

According to Jain scriptures, the next (future) set of 24 Tirthankaras will appear in the coming ascending time cycle (Utsarpini Kaal) in Bharat-kshetra. Their names, as listed in the Samvayang Sutra, are: **1. Padma, 2. Surdev, 3. Suparshva, 4. Swamprabh, 5. Sarvathbhoot, 6. Devputra, 7. Kulputra, 8. Udak, 9. Proshthil, 10. Jaykirti, 11. Munisuvrat, 12. Aranath, 13. Apap, 14. Nishkashay, 15. Vipul, 16. Nirmal, 17. Chitragupt, 18. Samadhigupt, 19. Swambhu, 20. Anivriti, 21. Vijay, 22. Vimal, 23. Devpal, and 24. Anantvirya** [1][4]. The first of these, Padma, will be the 16th Kulkar (patriarch) of the future era, with a lifespan of 100 years and a height of 7 arnis (cubits). The last, Anantvirya, will have a lifespan of 1 crore years and a height of 500 dhanush (bows) [4]. Additionally, the scriptures note that these 24 future Tirthankaras had specific previous births, including well-known figures like Shrenik, Vasudeva Krishna, Baldeva Rama, and Devaki [1][2]. It is also mentioned that a separate set of 24 Tirthankaras will appear in the Airavat Varsh region of Jambudweep during the same time cycle [3].

Penance (tapas) in Jainism is primarily divided into two types: **external** and **internal** [1][2]. External penance consists of six types: (1) fasting (anaśana), (2) eating less than a full meal (avamaudarya), (3) renouncing delicacies or tastes (rasaparityāga), (4) seeking alms, (5) mortification of the body (kāyakleśa), and (6) lodging and sleeping in a lonely place (viviktasayyāsana) [1][2]. These external penances help the practitioner overcome attachment to the body, cravings for tasty food, and the desire for comfort, but they are meant to support internal penance [1][2]. Internal penance also has six types: (1) expiation or atonement (prāyaścitta), (2) humility or politeness (vinaya), (3) servitude or rendering service (vaiyavṛtya), (4) study or self-study (svādhyāya), (5) meditation (dhyāna), and (6) abandoning affection or "myness" toward the body (vyutsarga) [1][2]. Each internal penance yields a specific benefit: expiation cleanses faults, humility brings modesty, servitude provides service, study leads to knowledge, meditation gives concentration, and vyutsarga brings renunciation of attachment—ultimately leading to salvation [1]. The texts also note that penance must be "right penance" aimed at annihilating karmas and purifying the soul; otherwise, it becomes wrong penance that merely torments the body [1].

In the coming ascending time cycle (Utsarpini Kaal), the twenty-four Tirthankaras (Ford-makers) who will be born in the Airavat Varsh of the Jambu continent are: 1. Sumangal 2. Siddharth 3. Nirvana 4. Mahayash 5. Daramdhvaj 6. Shree Chander 7. Pushpaketu 8. Maha Chander Kevli 9. Shrut Sagar 10. Sidharth 11. Puran ghosha 12. Maha Ghosha Kevali 13. Satya Sen 14. Sursen 15. Mahasen 16. Sarvanand 17. Devputra 18. Suparshava 19. Suvart (Arihant) 20. Arihant Sukaushal 21. Anant Vijay 22. Arihant Vimal 23. Arihant Mahabal 24. Arihant Devanand [1]

Yes, the 63 Shalaka Purushas (outstanding personalities) are not unique to a single time cycle — they appear in **every** Kala-chakra (wheel of time). Each full cycle consists of one Avasarpini (regressive half) and one Utsarpini (progressive half), and the same pattern of 63 great souls is born in each cycle [1]. The 63 are divided into: - **24 Tirthankaras** (spiritual teachers) - **12 Chakravartins** (universal emperors) - **27 Viras/Heroes**, comprising 9 Baldevas, 9 Vasudevas, and 9 Prati-Vasudevas [1] The distribution across the six Aras (epochs) is specific: at least one Tirthankara and one Chakravartin appear in the Sukhama-Dukhama Ara, while the remaining Tirthankaras and Chakravartins are born in the Dukhama-Sukhama Ara. The same sequence repeats in both the regressive and progressive halves of every time cycle [1]. So while the *individuals* differ from cycle to cycle, the *set of 63* recurs in every Kala-chakra.